下面，总结一下，在Linux中，各种命令（工具）使用过程中，相对比较通用的一些逻辑和用法：
1.查看命令帮助（使用说明）：xxx –help
比如Linux常见的两个命令：
显示目录下的文件（和文件夹的：ls
拷贝文件的：cp
对应的–help输出的内容为：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 | Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src$ ls --helpUsage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort is specified.Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --all do not ignore entries starting with . -A, --almost-all do not list implied . and .. --author with -l, print the author of each file -b, --escape print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them. E.g., `--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes. See SIZE format below. -B, --ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ -c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first -C list entries by columns --color[=WHEN] colorize the output. WHEN defaults to `always' or can be `never' or `auto'. More info below -d, --directory list directory entries instead of contents, and do not dereference symbolic links -D, --dired generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode -f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color -F, --classify append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries --file-type likewise, except do not append `*' --format=WORD across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C --full-time like -l --time-style=full-iso -g like -l, but do not list owner --group-directories-first group directories before files. augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none (-U) disables grouping -G, --no-group in a long listing, don't print group names -h, --human-readable with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024 -H, --dereference-command-line follow symbolic links listed on the command line --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir follow each command line symbolic link that points to a directory --hide=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden by -a or -A) --indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F) -i, --inode print the index number of each file -I, --ignore=PATTERN do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN -k, --kibibytes use 1024-byte blocks -l use a long listing format -L, --dereference when showing file information for a symbolic link, show information for the file the link references rather than for the link itself -m fill width with a comma separated list of entries -n, --numeric-uid-gid like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs -N, --literal print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters specially) -o like -l, but do not list group information -p, --indicator-style=slash append / indicator to directories -q, --hide-control-chars print ? instead of non graphic characters --show-control-chars show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is `ls' and output is a terminal) -Q, --quote-name enclose entry names in double quotes --quoting-style=WORD use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape -r, --reverse reverse order while sorting -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursively -s, --size print the allocated size of each file, in blocks -S sort by file size --sort=WORD sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v --time=WORD with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified time as sort key if --sort=time --time-style=STYLE with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale -t sort by modification time, newest first -T, --tabsize=COLS assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8 -u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time -U do not sort; list entries in directory order -v natural sort of (version) numbers within text -w, --width=COLS assume screen width instead of current value -x list entries by lines instead of by columns -X sort alphabetically by entry extension -Z, --context print any SELinux security context of each file -1 list one file per line --append-exe append .exe if cygwin magic was needed --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exitSIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is 10*1024*1024). Unitsare K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024) or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default andwith --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes only whenstandard output is connected to a terminal. The LS_COLORS environmentvariable can change the settings. Use the dircolors command to set it.Exit status: 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory), 2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argument).Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.orgGNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'ls invocation'Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src$ cp --helpUsage: cp [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST or: cp [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY or: cp [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -a, --archive same as -dR --preserve=all --attributes-only don't copy the file data, just the attributes --backup[=CONTROL] make a backup of each existing destination file -b like --backup but does not accept an argument --copy-contents copy contents of special files when recursive -d same as --no-dereference --preserve=links -f, --force if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again (redundant if the -n option is used) -i, --interactive prompt before overwrite (overrides a previous -n option) -H follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE -l, --link hard link files instead of copying -L, --dereference always follow symbolic links in SOURCE -n, --no-clobber do not overwrite an existing file (overrides a previous -i option) -P, --no-dereference never follow symbolic links in SOURCE -p same as --preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps --preserve[=ATTR_LIST] preserve the specified attributes (default: mode,ownership,timestamps), if possible additional attributes: context, links, xattr, all --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST don't preserve the specified attributes --parents use full source file name under DIRECTORY -R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively --reflink[=WHEN] control clone/CoW copies. See below --remove-destination remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it (contrast with --force) --sparse=WHEN control creation of sparse files. See below --strip-trailing-slashes remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument -s, --symbolic-link make symbolic links instead of copying -S, --suffix=SUFFIX override the usual backup suffix -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY copy all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY -T, --no-target-directory treat DEST as a normal file -u, --update copy only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file or when the destination file is missing -v, --verbose explain what is being done -x, --one-file-system stay on this file system --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exitBy default, sparse SOURCE files are detected by a crude heuristic and thecorresponding DEST file is made sparse as well. That is the behaviorselected by --sparse=auto. Specify --sparse=always to create a sparse DESTfile whenever the SOURCE file contains a long enough sequence of zero bytes.Use --sparse=never to inhibit creation of sparse files.When --reflink[=always] is specified, perform a lightweight copy, where thedata blocks are copied only when modified. If this is not possible the copyfails, or if --reflink=auto is specified, fall back to a standard copy.The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.The version control method may be selected via the --backup option or throughthe VERSION_CONTROL environment variable. Here are the values: none, off never make backups (even if --backup is given) numbered, t make numbered backups existing, nil numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise simple, never always make simple backupsAs a special case, cp makes a backup of SOURCE when the force and backupoptions are given and SOURCE and DEST are the same name for an existing,regular file.Report cp bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.orgGNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>Report cp translation bugs to <http://translationproject.org/team/>For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'cp invocation' |
其中，可以看到，各种参数的用法和含义。
当你对某个命令，不是很熟悉的时候，多去看看help，绝对会有很大帮助。
2.-x等价于–yyy
Linux下的命令的参数，多数都是
短横线加上一个字母，即-x
其往往，也有个等价的，两个短横线加上一个单词的，写法。
比如：
ls的-h，表示以人类可读的形式输出内容，等价于–human-readable
示例如下：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 | Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef$ ls -l -htotal 299K-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 735 Aug 17 17:24 ChangeLog.eglibc-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 5.4K Aug 17 17:24 Makefile.in-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 1.8K Aug 17 17:24 asprintf.c-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 42K Aug 17 17:24 config.guess-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4.7K Aug 17 17:24 config.h.in-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 31K Aug 17 17:24 config.sub-rwxr-xr-x 1 Administrator None 170K Aug 17 17:24 configure-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4.1K Aug 17 17:24 configure.ac-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 610 Aug 17 17:24 getdelim.cdrwxr-xr-x+ 1 Administrator None 0 Aug 17 17:24 include-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 5.5K Aug 17 17:24 install-sh-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 148 Aug 17 17:24 localedef_extra.c-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 405 Aug 17 17:24 obstack_printf.c-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 3.5K Aug 17 17:24 vasprintf.cAdministrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef$ ls -l --human-readabletotal 299K-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 735 Aug 17 17:24 ChangeLog.eglibc-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 5.4K Aug 17 17:24 Makefile.in-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 1.8K Aug 17 17:24 asprintf.c-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 42K Aug 17 17:24 config.guess-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4.7K Aug 17 17:24 config.h.in-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 31K Aug 17 17:24 config.sub-rwxr-xr-x 1 Administrator None 170K Aug 17 17:24 configure-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 4.1K Aug 17 17:24 configure.ac-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 610 Aug 17 17:24 getdelim.cdrwxr-xr-x+ 1 Administrator None 0 Aug 17 17:24 include-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 5.5K Aug 17 17:24 install-sh-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 148 Aug 17 17:24 localedef_extra.c-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 405 Aug 17 17:24 obstack_printf.c-rw-r--r-- 1 Administrator None 3.5K Aug 17 17:24 vasprintf.cAdministrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef$ |
注意：
当给参数加上参数的时候，都是
-x para
等价于
–yyy=para
即
-x后面有空格，再加上参数
而–yyy后面是等于号，再加上参数。
比如，我之前整理的：
中给make加上多线程，就是：
1 | make –j 4 |
或：
1 | make –jobs=4 |
3.查看命令的版本，一般都是-v（和，或–version）
Linux下想要查看某个命令的版本，多数都是可以通–version的
有些也还可以使用-v或-V，输出版本信息。
比如ls的–version：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef$ ls --versionls (GNU coreutils) 8.15Packaged by Cygwin (8.15-1)Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie. |
cp的–version：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | Administrator@PC-20130611GART /home/develop/crosstool-ng/src/eglibc-2.10/localedef$ cp --versioncp (GNU coreutils) 8.15Packaged by Cygwin (8.15-1)Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.Written by Torbj"orn Granlund, David MacKenzie, and Jim Meyering. |
4.-r或-R，很多时候都是表示递归Recursive的意思
Linux下面，有很多命令，都是用-r或-R，表示递归的意思：
比如ls是用-R，cp是用-R或-r都可以：
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | ls --help... -R, --recursive list subdirectories recursivelycp --help...-R, -r, --recursive copy directories recursively |
5.
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